Prevention

The Prevention pillar focuses on nature-based solutions and behavior change to prevent pandemics, including:

• understanding, protecting and restoring ecosystem health and functions to prevent disease emergence and transmission
• achieving sustainable food systems and livelihoods, including antimicrobial stewardship (reducing development of antimicrobial resistance, AMR)
• changing behavior and culture: food systems (including production, harvest and markets); and related policies
• changing behavior and culture: landscapes and natural resources (including clearing for agriculture & housing; unsustainable harvest of non-timber forest products & wildlife—terrestrial and aquatic)

Prediction

The Prediction pillar focuses on surveillance, diagnostics and modeling, including:

• disease diagnostics (wildlife, domestic animals, people, arthropod vectors of disease; inclusive of point-of-care and environmental testing) informatics and information-sharing systems
• assessments of risk (whole genome sequencing of pathogens, look for AMR and traits leading to it; remote sensing [e.g. satellite imagery of land-use disturbances], mining proxy data [e.g. social media, calls to physicians, Google searches])
• epidemiological, climate, and spatial spread modeling (e.g. transmission of a pathogen through a population or spread of geographic range of an arthropod vector of disease; predictive models on human migration/refugee and humanitarian crises)

Protection

The Protection pillar focuses on the built environment, personal protective equipment, vaccines, behavior change, including:

• anti-viral and vaccine research and development
• anti-viral and vaccine clinical trials
• anti-viral and vaccine epidemiology
• overcoming antimicrobial resistance, development of novel anti-microbials
• reducing risks of indoor exposures and viral load if exposed (ventilation, filtration, disinfection, personal protective equipment)
• behavioral interventions to promote adherence to community protective measures

Preparedness

The Preparedness pillar works with public health, medical, and veterinary workforces, policy makers, and citizenry on:

• assessments of capabilities and needs
• integration of data (from Predict pillar)
• emergency response training and simulations
• implementation of training programs
• education programs (government, departments of health, citizens)

Response

The Response pillar focuses on integration and coordination across government and communities to:

• use management sciences to advance equity during response and improve supply chains, staffing, coordination, and outreach during emergencies
• identify and support communities at highest risk due to structural racism, economic inequality, and other factors
• communicate and advocate effectively to promote healthy behaviors, combat infodemics, and promote support for health security investments